This study examines personal and emotional metaphors of prospective economics teachers about the roles they themselves as teachers and their pupils would play by analysing their drawings and responses to open questions. This is a longitudinal study that analyses the evolution of future instructors using two periods: before and after their teaching practicum. Metaphors are categorised into four classes: behaviourist/transmissive, cognitivist/constructivist, situative/socio-historical, and self-referential. The categories for emotions are primary or social and positive, negative, or neutral. The results show that (...) the highest percentage of metaphors for the teacher’s role in both questionnaires were cognitivist/constructivist. Comparison of the findings before and after the teaching practicum revealed no changes in most of the participants’ metaphors and associated models. The analysis also reveals that among those who change, the tendency is to evolve towards more pupil-centred metaphors and associated models. The most common pupil metaphors are behaviourist and cognitivist, increasing after the practicum. Finally, most of the emotions expressed are positive and social, also increasing after the practicum. (shrink)

This study was designed as an action research aimed to help students to elaborate their feelings of traumatic grief, due to a car accident and a suicide of two of their classmates, in an Italian high school. A death education project was realized in order to prevent the Werther effect. The intervention was based on psychodramatic techniques and meditation with Tibetan bells to encourage reflection on the suffering of traumatic loss, the sense of life, and their future. A total of (...) 89 students from four classes participated in the study, among which 82 completed the pre- and post-test survey. The intervention consisted of eight 2-h meetings, during which the themes of death and loss were dealt with through theoretical discussions, dramatization, and meditation. Two other classes which participated in the assessment as a control group did not attend the activities. The following instruments were used: Death Attitude Profile-Revised, which measures individual attitudes toward death; Psychological Well-being Scale, which measures a person’s psychological well-being; Resilience Scale for Adolescents, which measures the construct of resilience in adolescents; Self-Transcendence Scale, which measures self-transcendence; and Testoni Death Representation Scale, which measures the ontological representations of death. The results demonstrated that in the experimental group, there was a reduction in the fear of death and its avoidance, and that the students normalized the representation of death as something natural, thus improving their well-being. It is consequently possible to say that well-being is not simply the absence of suffering and worries, but rather, is rooted in the possibility of thinking of creative solutions to the trauma. (shrink)

In a recent article, Hayakawa and Keysar (2018) propose that mental imagery is less vivid when evoked in a foreign than in a native language. The authors argue that reduced mental imagery could even account for moral foreign language effects, whereby moral choices become more utilitarian when made in a foreign language. Here we demonstrate that Hayakawa and Keysar's (2018) key results are better explained by reduced language comprehension in a foreign language than by less vivid imagery. We argue that (...) the paradigm used in Hayakawa and Keysar (2018) does not provide a satisfactory test of reduced imagery and we discuss an alternative paradigm based on recent experimental developments. (shrink)

Este artículo examina el uso de cloruro de potasio (KCl) en abortos después de las 20 semanas de gestación y las implicaciones éticas, médicas y legales de esta práctica. Hay preocupaciones sobre el posible sufrimiento del feto, ya que investigaciones indican que podría sentir dolor antes de lo que se creía. Además, el uso de KCl, prohibido en la eutanasia animal por el dolor que causa, resulta contradictorio cuando se respalda su uso en fetos humanos. El texto pide revisar las (...) políticas actuales para que se ajusten a la evidencia científica y respeten la dignidad de todos los involucrados. (shrink)

Hay casos en los que se transforman y trastocan los objetivos de las instituciones por resoluciones y jurisprudencia de los tribunales, situación que se presentó en el análisis de una sentencia del 15 de mayo de 2019, por la 1ª Sala de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (México), derivado del amparo en revisión 1388/ 2015, por la negativa del hospital de realizar la interrupción del embarazo, por motivos de salud, a pesar de que el niño tendría una (...) vida relativamente normal, perturbando el derecho a la salud, la conciencia social y el valor ético sobre la terapia y de la dignidad humana de todas las personas, discriminando al feto bajo un paradigma eugenésico. (shrink)

The present paper seeks, from the political realism of Hinkelammert and the politics of the liberation of Dussel, to identify the initial limits that delineate the framework of political action. The political action framework delimits the space of empirical possibility. For it, the definition of politics is adopted as “art of the possible”, explicitly accepted by Hinkelammert and developed implicitly by Dussel. Three limits are identified that outline the framework of political action: 1) the natural environment as a condition of (...) existence of living corporality, 2) the satisfaction of physical needs as a condition to preserve living corporality, 3) intersubjective experiences as a condition to maintain the human life. Propose these limits allows to establish the bases of the utopia of the political realism of Hinkelammert and of the politics of the liberation of Dussel. (shrink)

Carl Schmitt, one of the most influential legal and political thinkers of the twentieth century, is known chiefly for his work on international law, sovereignty, and his doctrine of political exception. This book argues that greater prominence should be given to his early work in legal studies. Schmitt himself repeatedly identified as a jurist, and Hugo E. Herrera demonstrates how for Schmitt, law plays a key role as an intermediary between ideal, conceptual theory and the messiness and complexity of (...) practical, concrete situations. Law is concerned precisely with balancing the extremes of theory and reality, and in this respect, Schmitt associates it with philosophical thinking broadly as being able to understand and explain the tensions in human experience. Reviewing and analyzing prevailing interpretations of Schmitt by Jacques Derrida, Heinrich Meier, and others, Herrera argues that the importance of Schmitt's legal framework is both significant and overlooked. (shrink)

I approach a set of processes that involve transformations, transpositions, and intermediations between different expressive forms of Amazonian Indigenous Peoples associated with the use of ayahuasca. I focus on groups of the Pano linguistic stock, particularly the Huni Kuin (Kaxinawa) and the example of the MAHKU (Movimento dos Artistas Huni Kuin), a new artistic collective created by some of these Indigenous People. I point to the complex meanings of the various expressive forms of these peoples, from traditional (oral narratives, graphics, (...) visionary images linked to shamanic practices) to more recently adopted (figurative drawing and graphic recording in book format). I emphasize the importance of ayahuasca for the elaboration of these different expressive forms. By highlighting the meanings that imply the use of ayahuasca in certain Indigenous contexts, I also intend to contribute to the expansion of understanding of and broader debate about psychedelic experiences. (shrink)

The purpose of legal theory seems to be a perpetually debated issue among legal scholars. Koskenniemi argues that the history of international legal theory is conditioned by a dialectical movement between a position justifying any given positive law based on the power of states, and a position arguing for a theory of the state where laws are justified only in accordance with certain substantial conditions. According to Lauterpacht there is very little support in Spinoza's political philosophy for a “separate and (...) independent theory of international law”. The chapter aims to contextualize the passages pointed to by Lauterpacht in order to investigate whether such an endeavor may produce an understanding of Spinoza's political philosophy that makes it apt to function as a basis for a practical theory of international law. Lauterpacht's critique of Spinoza's statements on international law hinges on the argument that they deviate from his general explanation of the mechanisms of law‐making. (shrink)

Can we really transcend our own human point of view in approaching the non-human? Rather than confining anthropomorphism in the field of the superstitious or identifying it with anthropocentrism, we propose a “weak” anthropomorphism. By adopting phenomenology as methodology, particularly Merleau-Ponty’s notions of corporeity and flesh, we suggest that anthropomorphism is the result of a shared bodily perception: first of all, we are-in-the-world. What we have is not a divide between the human and the non-human, but rather a blurred and (...) fuzzy compound of human and non-human features, where the wild coincides with this symbiotic unit. (shrink)

"Hegel’s Philosophical Psychology" draws attention to a largely overlooked piece of Hegel’s philosophy: his substantial and philosophically rich treatment of psychology at the end of the 'Philosophy of Subjective Spirit', which itself belongs to his main work, the "Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences". This volume makes the case that Hegel’s approach to philosophy of mind as developed within this text can make an important contribution to current discussions about mind and subjectivity, and can help clarify the notion of spirit within (...) Hegel’s larger philosophical project. Scholars from different schools of Hegelian thought provide a multifaceted overview of Hegel’s 'Psychology': Part I begins with an overview of Hegel’s 'Philosophy of Subjective Spirit', which outlines both its historical context and its systematic context within Hegel’s philosophy of subjective spirit. Parts II and III then investigate the individual chapters of the sections on psychology: the theoretical mind and the practical and free mind. The volume concludes by examining the challenges which Hegel’s 'Psychology' poses for contemporary epistemological debates and the philosophy of psychology. Throughout, the volume brings Hegel’s views into dialogue with 20th- and 21st-century thinkers such as Bergson, Bourdieu, Brandom, Chomsky, Davidson, Freud, McDowell, Sellars, Wittgenstein, and Wollheim. (shrink)

Se analizará la manera en que la influencia teórica de las ciencias biológicas y médicas sobre la noción de “vida” imponen una transformación de las construcciones políticas, ideológicas y legales de un Estado que puede ser descrito como biopolítico. Para esto, se acudirá al análisis de la transformación de la idea operativa de “vida” desde la perspectiva agambiana de la politización de la muerte y la pretensión de disolver el umbral de decidibilidad entre vida y muerte para tomar, luego, tres (...) ejemplos de instancias legales en las que puede terminarse con la vida sin contradecir el propósito biopolítico de protegerla; esto es, instancias en las cuales no existe penalización ante la finalización de la vida. Estos tres ejemplos, que se presentarán de manera progresiva son: a) la eutanasia, b) el aborto y c) la contracepción. Es importante aclarar que no se pretende defender ni condenar en un plano moral las instancias de decisión sobre la disposición de una vida distinta de la propia, ni tampoco dar argumentos para que algo así se haga. Por el contrario, lo que aquí se pretende es aportar una dimensión explicativa –y analítica– desde el marco de la biopolítica, siguiendo, quizá, la sugerencia agambiana respecto de la necesidad de adoptar una perspectiva de este tipo para poder tener una comprensión adecuada de ciertos fenómenos políticos. (shrink)

Neste artigo analisamos a arte na perspectiva de Jean-Paul Sartre. A partir de sua obra Que é a literatura? demonstramos como as artes se distinguem e porque o escritor pode ser mais engajado que os demais artistas. Para o filósofo francês é possível dizer de arte significante e arte não-significante. A poesia, a pintura e a escultura são não-significantes enquanto que a literatura, por lidar com signos, é significante. Existe uma escolha comum a todos os artistas, contudo, a opção pela (...) arte significante como forma de desvelar o mundo tem um sentido mais profundo que Sartre procurou esclarecer. Além disso, procuramos mostrar o que faz de uma obra de arte um objeto estético. (shrink)

Por meio da análise da consciência e da formação do imaginário, Jean-Paul Sartre faz um percurso que demonstra como acontece a formação da obra de arte, isto é, do objeto passível de apreciação estética. Explica que existem diferentes motivações que desencadeiam a atuação da consciência imaginária assim como há diferença entre as obras de arte. Além disso, por meio do movimento fenomenológico, explica como o para-si percebe-se como um nada e, dessa forma, tem a compreensão da própria realidade.

La narrativa y la poética de César Vallejo apelan con frecuencia a una simbología que evoca a los Evangelios como un recurso para la realización de una teología política que entiende al cristianismo como congregación social, pero también como una resistencia cultural y una forma poética de conocer y sentir los problemas de una época, la miseria, la opresión y el dolor humanos de cara a una redención. La novela social El tungsteno es un ejemplo de resignificación política del cristianismo (...) mediante la reconstrucción profana de la historia sagrada, en la violencia política, en las condiciones materiales de la vida y la opresión bajo el influjo del capitalismo extractivista. (shrink)

El presente artículo propone un análisis semiótico de los elementos que conforman el discurso visual de Libia Posada, a partir de la teoría de la semiósfera de Yuri Lotman. Se aborda la producción artística de Posada como una construcción de identidades sociales y políticas que desafían las narrativas hegemónicas. Con dicho enfoque, se revela cómo las obras de Posada operan como discursos visuales que visibilizan y problematizan diversas identidades.

Individuals in dating and marital relationships experience various transgressions that require forgiveness (e.g., hurtful communication, mistrust, lies, or infidelity). This study examines forgiveness-granting strategies in the context of forgiveness tendency, relationship length, commitment, satisfaction, and relational consequences to better understand relationship dynamics. 649 individuals (532 dating, 117 married), aged 18–65 (M = 26.00, SD = 8.82) participated. The sample included 517 women (79.7 %) and 132 men (20.3 %). Participants described a forgiven transgression and completed questionnaires, including the Multidimensional Forgiveness-Granting (...) Scale (MFGS), Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18), Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), and the commitment subscale from the Investment Model Scale. One open-ended question (types of forgiven transgressions) was analyzed consensually. Quantitative data were analyzed using correlational analysis, regression analysis, andt-tests. The most common transgression was infidelity. A linear regression analysis showed that the strongest positive predictor of relationship satisfaction was the tendency to forgive one’s partner. Nonverbal displays positively predicted relationship strengthening, while the discussion strategy predicted relationship deterioration negatively. These findings emphasize the importance of how forgiveness is communicated and may inform interventions to enhance romantic relationships. (shrink)

La thèse défendue dans cet article est que le gouvernement chinois, chapeauté par un Parti qui se revendique encore du communisme, se sert du capitalisme, en le contrôlant strictement, afin d’accélérer le développement, mais sans dévier d’un objectif prioritaire : la construction d’une société socialiste ; et il s’appuie sur le Marx qui pensait que le communisme supposait un haut développement des forces productives. En France, cette thèse est minoritaire, et combattue ; peut-être, paradoxalement, parce que des similitudes existent entre (...) les deux pays. Cependant, les malentendus entre eux sont aussi nombreux (1 re partie). Cela pourrait tenir notamment aux différences de modes de pensée de ces deux peuples, en particulier vis-à-vis des contradictions et des mouvements de la dialectique (2 e partie), comme aussi en matière de mobilisation de la morale par le discours politique (3 e partie). Pour finir, les auteurs analysent les effets de cette comparaison sur l’interprétation du « socialisme aux couleurs chinoises » (4 e partie). Classification JEL : B24, H59, N45, O53, O57, P20, P52. (shrink)

Le discours international actuel sur l’écologie s’est mué en un mouvement qui s’identifie avec le discours de la vérité scientifique. L’exemple de Greta Thunberg et de ses appels à l’action illustre dans quelle mesure l’identité actuelle du mouvement enveloppe un paradoxe qui lui est inhérent. D’une part, elle s’appuie sur la nature auto-explicative et claire des idées vraies. D’autre part, pour propager ces idées, elle fait résider son pouvoir rhétorique dans l’impact émotionnel. L’approche par Spinoza de la relation entre raison (...) et foi, telle qu’elle apparaît quand on juxtapose les passages pertinents de l’ Éthique et ceux du Traité théologico-politique qui décrivent la prophétie, constitue un cadre théorique susceptible de rendre compte de ce paradoxe inhérent à l’écologie moderne. (shrink)

This article deals with Montessori’s scientific pedagogy and how his researches and the creation of houses for children become official, as well as how discourses and medical, biological, anthropological and psychological practices are installed in the pedagogy field in modern schools. Influenced by the theories of Lombroso and Darwin, he considered that human beings were no more than a cell composed by a protoplasm and nucleus the size of a tenth of a millimeter, from where individuals who are very different (...) from each other come from. This is why, in order to understand and carry out the practical researches of anthropology with pedagogical purposes, enough notions of biology are required, as well as the collaboration of other disciplines that work side by side with pedagogy. Thus the importance to show and question the effects of these discourses and practices regarding the conception of an active pedagogy, far from the concern for the child’s education in terms of his relationship with himself, knowledge and the world, pedagogical statements that lose validity in the operation of the school proposed by Montessori. For such purpose, some concepts from Foucault are taken as reference (population, policies, normalization, knowledge practices) in the perspective of the notion of bio-politics. (shrink)

"Noé y la Rama de Olivo" de Luis Herrera explora el profundo simbolismo de la rama de olivo en el contexto de la moralidad humana y la renovación existencial. Basándose en la narrativa bíblica del Arca de Noé, Herrera desarrolla una metáfora sobre la paz, la reconciliación y la restauración de la armonía entre la humanidad y el mundo natural. La obra interpreta la rama de olivo no solo como un signo del fin del diluvio, sino como un (...) emblema más profundo de renacimiento ético, que simboliza la oportunidad para que la humanidad reconstruya un mundo más justo y compasivo tras la calamidad. -/- A través de un lente filosófico, Herrera examina la dualidad entre destrucción y creación, planteando que el potencial de crecimiento moral y espiritual surge tras grandes pruebas. El texto cuestiona la naturaleza de la justicia divina y la responsabilidad humana, sugiriendo un llamado a una vigilancia ética constante en un mundo perpetuamente al borde de la autodestrucción. Es una parábola sobre la búsqueda del hombre por la conexión y la reconciliación con lo divino, en un mundo violento lleno de caos, anarquía y la búsqueda antinómica de ideales hedonistas. -/- La obra de Herrera resuena con las preocupaciones contemporáneas sobre la degradación cultural y la fragmentación social, instando a una re-evaluación de nuestra relación con Dios y entre nosotros. La rama de olivo, en esta interpretación, se convierte en un símbolo eterno de esperanza, resiliencia y la búsqueda duradera de una existencia armoniosa. (shrink)

El dualismo es una solución religiosa que ha atraído a muchos espíritus religiosos, y que adquirió formas muy diversas en la Antigüedad. Para clasificar estas variedades religiosas , el historiador italiano Ugo Bianchi propuso un modelo interpretativo constituido por tres partes de categorías. Al aplicar al maniqueísmo (religión dualista por excelencia) las categorías interpretativas propuestas por Bianchi éstas muestran en algunos casos su utilidad, pero también sus limitaciones. El presente artículo intenta efectuar una caracterización precisa del dualismo maniqueo mediante la (...) aplicación de cinco categorías que modifican y completan la aproximación del estudioso italiano. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos se examina la piedad idiosincrásica del maniqueísmo. (shrink)